12.TRANSPORT

01.ap-GEOGRAPHY

• chapter 13 complete chapter needs to be added.

#spaces/ap-geography/10-minerals

• Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Transport helps in moving goods from producers to consumers.
• Development is possible when the transportation, run without any interruptions.
• Important modes of transportation are

1. Roadways
2. Railways
3. Water ways
4. Air ways
5. Roadways

• As per 2022-23 economic survey reports there is total length of {{53,484.72 }}km (R&B + National highways) length of Roads is there in A.P. As on 2022 December. Out of these single lane roads are spreads in longest distance. If excludes the national highways from the total road network of the state, the total Road length under R & B network is 45,321 km. the length of the National highways in the state are {{8,163.72}} km.

• As per socio economic survey of 2022-23, the details of different types of roads in the state are given below.
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Total Road length in the state - 53,484.72 km

1. National Highways - 8,163.72km
2. R&B Roads - 45,321 kms
   • a) State highways - 12,595.60 kms
   • b) District Roads & Other Rural Roads 26,485.51 kms
   • c) Other District Roads - 6,239.89 kms
3. Panchyat roads (P&E) - 80,217 kms

• As on December 2022, there are {{1.56}} Crore Motor Vehicles registered in the State. Out of these {{89.02}}% are two wheelers.

• The entire network of APSRTC has been functioning under {{4 }}zones, {{12}} regions, with {{129}} Depos with a total fleet strength of 11,098 buses, 49,544 employees enrolled as on December 2022. besides it will transporting 28.81 lakhs passengers (decreased due to pandemic carona) to their destination on every day with the distance of 45 lakhs kms.

• APSRIC received 'Kausalacharya Award 2020' from the ministry of skill development and Enterpreneurship, Govt of India. on 10th September 2020, for importing skill development training in various trade.

• APSRTC under the present name was established on 11th January, 1958 in persuance of the Road transport corporation Act 1950

• At present there is {{52}} National Higways are passing through the state. Note : As per 2022-23 Ministry of Road transport & National Highways report there is 55 National highways is passing through the A.P State with the distance 8,683.15 km.

• The district having the highest length of national highways in the state is {{Chittoor}}, where as district with least length of National highways is {{Vijayanagaram}}.

• The district having highest number of National highways in the state - {{Chittoor}} followed by {{Visakha and Nellore}}.

• {{Anantapur}} district having the longest road network in the state.

• {{Vijayanagaram}} district having the least length of road network.

• The N.H. passing longest distance in AP - {{NH 16 (1024}} km), where as The NH passing shorts distance in AP - {{NH 326 (13.60}} kms)

• The district having highest revenue in A.P.S.R.T.C. - {{Vishaka (240.38}} cr)

• The district having lowest reveune in APSRTC- {{Vijayanagaram (61.49}} cr)

• According to the social and economic survey of 2021-22, 52 national highways are passing through A.P state and all spread over {{8,163.72}} kms.

• The average national highway road density in A.P is {{50.08}} km per every 1000 sq.km, as against the national average of {{40.00}} kms per every 1000 sq.km.

• The density of national highways is {{16.8}} kms per 1 lakh population (2011) in the state. as against all India average of {{10.89}} km's.

The main national highways that pass through the state
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• Note: numbers given in the bracket indicates old number of the present NH number
• NH Route (km)
• 16 (5) Orissa border, Visakhapatnam, Rajamahendravaram, Eluru, Vijayawada, Ongole, Nellore, Tamil Nadu border
• 26 (43) Chhattisgarh border, Vizianagaram, Natavalsa
• 30 (221) Chhattisgarh border, Vijayawada
• 40 (4 &18) Kurnool, Chittoor, Tamil Nadu border
• 42 (219) Karnataka border, Uravakonda, Anantapur, Madanapalli, T.N
• 544 (D) Ananthapur - Amaravathi
• 44(7) T.S border, Kurnool, Gooty, Anantapur, Karnataka border
• 65 (9) Pune, hyderabad to Machilipatnam
• 67 (63) Karnataka border, Gooty, Tadipatri, Muddanur, Maidukuru, Nellore, Krishnapatnam Port
• 69 (4) Karnataka border, Chittoor
• 71 (205) Madanapalle, Tirupati, Renigunta, Yerpedu, Nayudupeta
• 75 (234) Karnataka border, Venkatagirikota, Tamil Nadu border
• 140 (18A) Puthalapattu, Tirupati
• 165 (214) Pamarru, Digamarru
• 167 Karnataka border, Adoni, Mantralayam, T.S border
• 216 (214 & 214 A) Kathipudi, Kakinada, Yanam, Amalapuram, Digamarru, Narasapuram, Machilipatnam, Ongole
• 326 Odisha border, Chinturu
• 326A Odisha border, Kotabommali Junction, Narasannapeta
• 340 Rayachoti, Chinnamandem, Gurramkonda, Kurabalakota Road
• 565 Telangana border, Macherla, Yerragonda Palem, Markapuram, Kanigiri, Venkatagiri, Yerpedu
• 716 (205) TamilNadu border, Kadapa
• 765 Telangana border, Srisailam, Dornala, Tokapalle
• 216A Gondugolanu, Tanuku, Ravulapalem, Rajahmundry
• 516E Rajamundry, Junction with SH38/41 south of Rampachodavaram, Koyyuru, Chintapalli, Lambasingi, Bowadara, Paderu, Aruku, Tadipudi, Vizianagaram

State Highways

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• State highways particularly connect district capitals with state capital. These are important roads in lower areas of state. These are spread over a length of 12,595.60 kms in the state. At present 24 SH's are running in the state. These are maintained by Roads and Buildings department
• State High way Roads in A.P Route

1. SH 2 Macherla - Piduguralla - Sattenapalle - Guntur Guntur
2. SH 30 Anantapur - Tadipatri - Bugga Anantapur
3. SH 31 Kadapa - Rajampet - Koduru - Renigunta Kadapa, Chittoor
4. SH 34 Kadiri - Rayachoti - Rajampet Anantapur, Kadapa Srikakulam,
5. SH 36 Parvathipuram - Bobbili - Ramabhadrapuram - Rajam - Chilakapalem Vizianagaram
6. SH 37 Parvathipuram - Veeraghattam - Palakonda - Srikakulam - Kalingapatnam Srikakulam, Vizianagaram
7. SH 38 Bheemunipatnam - Anakapalle - Narsipatnam - Rajavommangi -Addateegala - Rampachodavaram - Devipatnam East Godavari, Visakhapatnam
8. SH 39 Visakhapatnam - Srungavarapukota - Araku Visakhapatnam
9. SH 40 Rajamahendravaram - Dhavaleshwaram - Kadiam - Anaparthy - Biccavolu - Samalkota East Godavari
10. SH 41 Junction near Chintoor - Rampachodavaram - Korukonda - Madhurapudi - Rajamahendravaram East Godavari
11. SH 42 Telangana-border Jangareddygudem - Koyyalagudem - Tadepalligudem - Attili - Marteru - Palakollu West Godavari
12. SH 43 SH 42 junction - Chintalapudi - Vijayarai - Eluru West Godavari
13. SH 44 SH 42 junction at Jangareddygudem - Kamavarapukota - Tadikalapudi - Eluru West Godavari
14. SH 45 SH 2 junction near Piduguralla - Chilakaluripet - Narasaraopeta - Chirala - Vodarevu Guntur, Prakasam
15. SH 48 Guntur - Ponnur - Bapatla Guntur
16. SH 50 Karnataka border - Madanapalle Chittoor
17. SH 53 Nandyal - Giddaluru - Bestavaripeta - Ongole Kurnool, Prakasam
18. SH 57 Mypadu - Nellore - Buchireddipalem -Sangam Nellore
19. SH 58 Gudur - Rajampet Kadapa,nellore
20. SH 63 Gudivada - Mudinepalle - Bhimavaram Krishna, W.G
21. SH 89 Macherla - Vinukonda Guntur
22. SH 102 SH 40 Junction at Dwarapudi - Mandapeta - Ramachandrapuram - Draksharama - Injaram - Yanam East Godavari
23. SH 104 Bobbarlanka - Atreyapuram - Ravulapalem - Mandapalli - Kothapeta - Mukkamala - Ambajipeta - Bandarulanka - NH 216 Junction at Amalapuram East Godavari
24. SH 172 Rajamahendravaram- Chinnakondepudi Road East Godavari

2) Railways

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• Transport that happens through railways has a lot of importance among all the transport facilities i.e In transporting people, goods on a large scale to remote distances fastly, there is no alternative for railways.

• Railways are the backbone of country's economic developmnet.

• Important railway lines of India, Delhi Chennai, Bombay Chennai, and Kolkata Chennai are passing through A.P Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Machilipatnam, Rajamundry, Vijayawada, Tirupathi Cities are connected with railway lines.
• The first railway in A.P in 1862 between putthur-Renigunta in Chittoor district In A.P, railways were conducted under 3 zones.
  • 1. South Central Railway (2,660 km): Most part of it is in the state comes under this Domain only.
  • 2. Southern Railway (121 km): The region from Putthur to Chennai is in this zone.
  • 3. East Coast Railway zone (73 km): The region from Visakhapatnam to the border of Odisha is in this zone. at present Vishakapatnam declared as a Headquarter of new railway zone on 27 February 2019.

• As on 2016 there is 3,354 kms length of Railway network & with 444 stations is there in the state.
• There is railway garage research workshop in Tirupathi.
• There is a wagon workshop at Guntupally near Vijayawada.
• The south central railway had started its first Double Decker Train on 13th May 2014. This travels between Kachiguda Guntur and Kachiguda Tirupathi.
• The intersity express was introduced on June 28th, 2016 between Vijayawada-Secunderabad stations.
• A 4.94 km long bridge, Bogibeel is all set to be opened this year. It is the country's longest rail-cum-road river bridge. The bridge will be over the river Brahmaputra and will connect Dibrugarh in Assam to Pasighat in Arunachal Pradesh.
• The 2nd longest (2.5 km) road-cum-rail-bridge was set between Rajahmundry - Kowvur over river Godavari.

Vijayawada - Guntur - Tenali MetroRail

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• Vijayawada Metro Rail is a proposed rapid transit system in Vijayawada. The system is proposed to reduce traffic congestion in the city and consists of two corridors in Phasel covering 26.03 km. The project is estimated to cost 6,769 crore.

• Corridor I : Pandit Nehru Bus station to penamaluru (Via Mahatma Gandhi Road), 12.76 km, Stations 12.
• Corridor II : Pandit Nehru Bus station to Nidamanuru (Via Vijayawada Railway station) 13.27 km, Station 13. (Train Speed per one hour 80 kms)

Visakhapatnam Metro Rail

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• Visakhapatnam is proposed rapid transist system in Visakhapatnam, A.P. The system is proposed to reduce traffic congestion as well as providing a modem and efficient public transport system in the city which became the largest city and the Main hub for economic activity of A.P after the states bifurcation. Metro Rail is proposed on 4 Corridors to falling 42.55km with an estimated cost Rs. 13,488 crore.
• NAD Junction to Kommadi Junction (22.8 kms)
• Gurudwar to Old Postoffice (5.26 kms)
• Taticherlapalem to Chinna valtheru (6.91 kms)
• NAD junction to Gajuvaka (8.1 kms).

3) Water ways

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• Water ways transportation is the cheapest mode of transportation among other transportation ways and transporting goods in huge amount to long distances.
• The length of the coastal line in the state is 974 kms. There are 4 operational non-major ports, one captive port in the State and one major port at Visakhapatnam which functions under administrative control of Government of India. Government has already awarded KSEZ Port under PPP mode. Further, Government envisaged Development of Ramayapatnam, Bhavanapadu and Machilipatnam Ports during 2021-22.

Visakhapatnam Port:

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• Visakhapatnam port is the deepest naturally formed port in the country.
• The export of highest quantity of fish products in the state is handle from this port.
• Dolphin nose mountain range protects the Visakha port from the waves of the sea. To the south of the Visakha port Dolphin nose and to the north Rass mountains are there. These are naturally formed. These save Visakha port from the loss caused by the cyclones.
• In this port, in all there are 14 berths (including 20 berths outer harbour).

• There is established an outer harbour with the area of 200 hectares.
• In India, after Mumbai port this is the port convenient for importing petroleum and natural gas.
• Once in every month from Visakha port to Port Blair there is a ship journey. Visakha port is at 780 kms from Chennai and 880 kms from Kolkata.

Non-Major Ports in Operation in A.P

1. Kakinada Port:

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• Kakinada Port includes Kakinada Anchorage Port and Kakinada Deep Water Port. Kakinada Anchorage Port is under the management of the GoAP / APMB and Kakinada Deep Water Port is under operation in PPP.

a) Kakinada Deep Water Port (East Godavari) :

• The port was awarded to M/s Kakinada sea ports limited on OMST basis for a period of 20 years. Intially stipulating that they have to pay 22% of revenue share on the grass income to the government.
• Important exports - Iron ore, Granite etc
• Important Imports - Chemicals & Fertilizers

b) Kakinada Anchorage Port (East Godavari) :

• It is operated by the state government. It is located 20 km away from the
  hope Island.

• It has a capacity to handle about 4 million metric tonnes cargo per annum.
  • Important exports : Iron ore, Palm peach, Bone powder & Tobacco products.
  • Important Imports: Fertilizer & Chemicals.

2) Gangavaram Port (Visakha) :

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• It is a Satellite port to the Visakhapatnam port located 15km away from the Visakha port.

• • It is the deepest port 21m in India.
• It is also called as environment friendly port.

• It was dedicated to the nation on July 12, 2009.
• There is total 9 berths is there in this port.

3) Krishnapatnam Port (Nellore) :

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• It is the biggest Greenfield port in Asia. and it is also known as India's largest Gateway of East coast.
• It is the 1st Privatised port in A.P

• The Government of A.P awarded the development of Krishnapatnam Port to M/s Krishnapatnam Port Company Limited (KPCL) under PPP
• Mode on Build, Operated, Share and Transfer (BOST) basis.

• It was dedicated to the nation on July 17, 2008.
• Total number of berths - 14.
• It was started commercial activities from 2009 onwards.

4) Ravva Port (East Godavari) :

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• Crudeoil exported from this port to Visakhapatnam, Chennai, Haldia ports.

Non - Major ports

1) Machillipatnam Port (Krishna district) :

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• The Government of A.P is developing the Machilipatnam port in Krishna district under PPP mode on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer terms (BOOT) basis.

2) Bhavanapadu Port (Srikakulam) :

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• The port is located in Srikakulam district.
• There is a defunt fishing harbour, and no commercial activity at this port.

3) Kakinada SEZ port (East Godavari) :

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• It is a captive port constructed in Kakinada SEZ (Captive ports are developed by companies who setup industries the require port facilities.
• These are built, owned & operated by a single company.
• They are usually used by that organisation and there partners.

4) Ramayapatnam (Prakasam) :

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• Ramayapatnam proposed site for port development is a coastal village, located at South East corner of Prakasam district in Ulavapadu Mandal.

Other Ports

1) Narsapur Port (West Godavari) :

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• The port is located in West Godavari district. There is no commercial activity in the port. No port land is available at the port. M/s INCAP has been nominated as nodal agency for the selection of bidder for the development of port.

2) Nakkapalli Port (Visakhapatnam) :

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• • It is a captive port A.P government declared this port in Visakhapatnam district for export of Allumina by M/S ANRAK Aluminium Ltd.

3) Nizampatnam Port (Guntur) & Vodarevu ports (Prakasam) :

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• The state government have proposed to develop Vodaveru port in Prakasam district & Nizampatnam port in Guntur district under Public Private Participation mode on Build, Own, Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis. The concession agreement was concluded with M/s. VANPIC ports private limited. At present this port is under dispute.

4) Duggaraja patnam port (Nellore) :

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• Praposed port at Duggaraja patnam, Located 23km north of Sriharikota.
• As per the Reorganisation Act - 2014, Central government as to be construct this project.

5) Meghavaram Port (Srikakulam):

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• The State Government declared Meghavaram port in Srikakulam district as minor port on 193 2008. The captive port has been allotted to M/s. East Coast Energy.

6) Beemuni Patnam Port (Visakhapatnam) :

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• It is located 30 km away from the Visakhapatnam

7 Kalinga Patnam Port (Srikakulam) :

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• Jute products mainly export from this product.

Fishing Harbours

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• The State Government proposed to construct eight fishing harbours at Juvvaladinne of Nellore District, Kothapatnam of Prakasam District, Nizampatnam of Guntur District, Machilipatnam of Krishna District, Biyyaputippa of West Godavari District, Uppada of East Godavari District, Pudimadaka of Visakhapatnam district and Budagatlapalem of Srikakulam District in two phases.

Important Inland waterways in the state :

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1. Kurnool - Kadapa Canal (KC Canal) - 119 kms
2. Dhavaleswaram - Samarla kota Canal - East Godavari
3. Rajhamundry - Cheerala Canal
4. Buckingham Canal (NW-4) - Kakinada - Chennai

Important Beaches in A.P:

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1. Ramakrishna, Yarad, Rishikonda, Beemili - Visakha
2. Manginapudi - Krishna
3. Suryalanka - Bapatla
4. Maipadu - Nellore.

4) Airways

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• Through it is expensive transportation though airways takes place very fast. There is international air port in Visakhapatnam. To achieve balance regional development in the country the government is trying to create airways transport facilities to district main centres to state capital. As part of this the government has signed M.O. with airport authority of India to modernized airports at Vijayawada, Tirupathi, Kadapa, Rajahmundry, Puttaparthy.

Operational Airports in A.P

• At present there are 6 operational airports in A.P. which connects with major cities.
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1. International Airports

1) Visakhapatnam Airport :

• Visakhapatnam Airport is a customs airport located in Visakhapatnam, India. It is the largest and busiest airport in the state of A.P.
• It is the only international Airport in the state, maintained by Navi and commenced civilian operations from 1989. There are 2 runways in this Airport. It runs the flight to the countries Dubai, Singapore and Kuala Lumpur.

2) Vijayawada Airport :

• It is the 2nd largest Airport in A.P
• It was managed by Airport Authority of India and located at Gannavaram about 13.5 km away from the Vijayawada city.
• The airport will also serve Amaravati, the proposed capital of A.P. Hence, in anticipation of an increase in air traffic from the A.P Capital Region.

3) Tirupati Airport :

• It is the 3rd largest Airport in A.P, established in 1976.
• Tirupati Airport is a public airport located at Renigunta, a suburb of Tirupati in the state of A.P
• A new intigrated terminal refered to as Garuda terminal in October 2010 and Inaugurated in 2015. There is plan to upgrade Tirupati airport to International airport.

Domestic Airports

1) Kadapa Airport :

• It was constructed in 1953, located 12 km North west of Kadapa town.
  The air services from this airport restarted from 7th June, 2015.

2) Rajahmundry Airport :

• Rajahmundry Airport is located at Madhurapudi, 18 kilometres north of Rajahmundry in the state of A.P.

3) Sri Sathya Sai Airport :

• It is located at Puttaparthy in Anatapur district. It is a small airport with facilities for chartered flights rather than commercial aircraft.

4) Orvakallu Airport in Kurnool district.

5) Bhogapuram Airport:

• Visakhapatnam International Airport, a green field airport project will be built near Bhogapuram Vizianagaram dist. 40 kms northeast of Visakhapatnam. The project will come up on 5,311 acres in and around Bhogapuram, including 1,673 acres of government land.

Proposed Reasonal Airports in A.P

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1. Kuppam - Chittoor
2. Dagadarathi - Nellore
3. Orvakallu - Kurnool
4. Donakonda - Prakasam

Important points at glance

• Total number of National Highways passing through A.P - 52

• Road density of National Highways in the state - 50.08 km/1000 km per every sq.km area as against the National average i.e.. 40.00 km/1000 kms

• Longest National highway passing through the A.P - NH 16

• District having highest length of Nationl Highway road in A.P - Chittoor

• District having least length of N.H road in A.P - Vijayanagarm

• The 1st Railway line constructed in A.P between Puttur - Renigunta in 1862.

• Railway network in A.P has been managed by 3 zones, Such as ..

1. Souh central railway
2. Southern railway
3. East coast railway

• Railway gaurage research work shop located at Tirupati.

• Railway wagon workshop located at Guntupalli in Vijayawada

• Deepest natural seeport in India - Visakhapatnam port

• The first Green field sea port in India - Krishnapatnam port

• Deepest port in India - Gangavaram.

• Manchester of A.P - Visakhapatnam port.

• The famous port during the Kakatiya dynasty - Motupalli (Prakasam)

spaced repetition

1. South Central Railway ({{2,660}} km): Most part of it is in the state comes under this Domain only.

2. Southern Railway ({{121}} km): The region from Putthur to Chennai is in this zone.

3. East Coast Railway zone ({{73}} km): The region from Visakhapatnam to the border of Odisha is in this zone. at present {{Vishakapatnam}} declared as a Headquarter of new railway zone on 27 February 2019.

• As on 2016 there is {{3,354}} kms length of Railway network & with {{444}} stations is there in the state.

• There is railway garage research workshop in {{Tirupathi}}.

• There is a wagon workshop at {{Guntupally near Vijayawada}}.

• The south central railway had started its first {{Double Decker}} Train on 13th May 2014. This travels between Kachiguda Guntur and Kachiguda Tirupathi.

• The intersity express was introduced on June 28th, 2016 between {{Vijayawada-Secunderabad}} stations.

• A {{4.94}} km long bridge, Bogibeel is all set to be opened this year. It is the country's longest rail-cum-road river bridge. The bridge will be over the river {{Brahmaputra}} and will connect Dibrugarh in Assam to Pasighat in Arunachal Pradesh. - The {{2}}nd longest (2.5 km) road-cum-rail-bridge was set between {{Rajahmundry - Kowvur}} over river {{Godavari}}.

13.tourism